NAD+ where to buy

What a verifiable NAD+ batch record shows

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is not a peptide. It is a dinucleotide cofactor present in every cell. It is central to energy and redox reactions, DNA repair and protein deacetylation. In preclinical work, its tissue levels tend to fall with aging, obesity and hypertension. Because it is a small, defined molecule, its purity and content can be measured directly.Review · PMID 34843394

A credible batch record for research-grade NAD+ has three parts. The first is an HPLC purity percentage from an independent laboratory. The second is the measured quantity of material in the vial. The third is a lab verify key that anyone can check on the testing lab's website. Purity matters because closely related molecules behave differently. In a one-day placebo-controlled human study of formulations built on different NAD+ precursors, nicotinamide produced the largest rise in NAD+ products, followed by niacin, nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). Niacin also caused flushing and raised bilirubin.Human trial · PMID 37271226

Most human data describe NAD+ precursors, not NAD+ itself

None of the human trials reviewed here gave NAD+ itself to participants. They tested precursors, mainly NMN and NR, and measured how much NAD+ and its metabolites rose. Every human number on this page should be read with that in mind.Human RCT · PMID 36482258Human RCT · PMID 39548320Human RCT · PMID 29599478

The route from precursor to tissue is also less direct than once assumed. In mice, only a small share of oral NMN and NR was absorbed intact from the small intestine. Gut bacteria converted most of it to nicotinic acid. NMN and NR given intravenously were quickly broken down to nicotinamide and passed through bile before the liver used them.Animal study · PMID 40117359

Measured changes in blood and tissue NAD+

In a 60-day randomized trial of 80 healthy middle-aged adults, blood NAD was higher than both placebo and baseline in all three NMN groups at day 30 and day 60 (all p ≤ 0.001). Levels were highest in the two higher-exposure groups. In a 6-week randomized trial of 40 people with stable COPD, NR more than doubled whole-blood NAD+.Human RCT · PMID 36482258Human RCT · PMID 39548320

Smaller trials found the same pattern. In a 28-day randomized trial of 30 overweight or obese adults aged 45 or older, NMN markedly raised circulating NAD and its metabolites. In a 12-week randomized trial of 36 healthy middle-aged adults, serum nicotinamide was higher with NMN than with placebo. In older men given NMN for 6 or 12 weeks, whole-blood NAD+ and its metabolites rose.Human RCT · PMID 36740954Human RCT · PMID 36797393Human RCT · PMID 35927255

There are fewer tissue data. In a 21-day crossover trial of 12 aged men, NR raised the NAD+ metabolome in skeletal muscle without changing mitochondrial bioenergetics. In a 6-week crossover trial of 22 healthy older adults, NR raised NAD+ in blood vesicles enriched for neuronal origin, and Aβ42 levels in those vesicles were lower.Human RCT · PMID 31412242Human RCT · PMID 36515353

Physical and metabolic endpoints in precursor trials

In the 80-person NMN trial, six-minute walking distance rose more than with placebo in all three active groups at days 30 and 60 (all p < 0.01). A blood-based estimate of biological age rose in the placebo group but stayed flat in the NMN groups. HOMA-IR, an index of insulin resistance, did not differ from placebo.Human RCT · PMID 36482258

In a 10-week randomized trial of postmenopausal women with prediabetes and overweight or obesity, muscle insulin sensitivity measured by clamp and muscle insulin signaling rose with NMN and did not change with placebo. In a 6-week randomized trial of 48 amateur runners, oxygen uptake at the ventilatory thresholds rose more in the two higher NMN groups than in controls. VO2max and peak power did not change from baseline in any group.Human RCT · PMID 33888596Human RCT · PMID 34238308

Other results varied. In the 28-day trial of 30 adults, body weight fell 1.9 kilograms more with NMN than with placebo, and diastolic blood pressure fell about 7 mmHg more. Total and LDL cholesterol also fell more than with placebo. Strength, aerobic capacity, insulin sensitivity and liver fat did not differ between groups. In a 6-week crossover trial of 13 overweight or obese adults, NR raised fat-free mass by 1.34 percentage points but did not change insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial function or blood pressure. In a crossover trial of 25 adults with chronic kidney disease, NR did not change peak VO2 or work efficiency.Human RCT · PMID 36740954Human RCT · PMID 32320006Human RCT · PMID 37159264

Trials in disease populations

In the 6-week trial of 40 people with COPD, sputum interleukin-8 was 52.6% lower with NR than with placebo. The gap was 63.7% at follow-up, 12 weeks after exposure ended. Plasma IL-6 did not change. In a 30-day phase I trial of 30 people newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, NR raised brain NAD on magnetic resonance spectroscopy, though the size of the rise varied widely between participants. Several cytokine levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid fell after NR.Human RCT · PMID 39548320Human RCT · PMID 35235774

In a crossover trial of 57 people with glaucoma, nicotinamide, another NAD+ precursor, raised the inner-retinal PhNR Vmax by 14.8%, compared with 5.2% on placebo. On nicotinamide, 23% of participants exceeded the repeatability threshold, compared with 9% on placebo. These were small, early trials, and none of them tested NAD+ itself.Human RCT · PMID 32721104

Animal and cell findings

Much of the case for NAD+ research comes from rodents. In APP/PS1 mice with amyloid pathology, brain NAD+ was higher after five months of NR, while control mice showed more cytokine release, DNA damage and cellular senescence markers. In mice with cisplatin or ischemia-reperfusion kidney injury, NR or NMN returned NAD+ levels and kidney function measures toward normal. In aged mice, hypertensive rats and obese rats, oral nicotinamide moved measures of diastolic function back toward normal.Animal study · PMID 34497121Animal study · PMID 36914909Animal study · PMID 33568522

In two separate studies of aged female mice, NAD+ levels, oocyte quality and fertility rose after NMN. In cultured late-passage mesenchymal stem cells, NMN raised intracellular NAD+, the NAD+/NADH ratio and Sirt3 expression, while control cells showed more senescence markers. In mice lacking a key cardiac enzyme for making NAD+, NR restored heart NAD+, and hypertrophy and arrhythmias were less frequent. The research value of any compound depends on what is actually in the vial, which is why batch testing matters.Animal study · PMID 32049001Animal study · PMID 32755581In vitro · PMID 36499074Animal study · PMID 39294272

The studies at a glance

Randomized human trials of NAD+ precursors (none tested NAD+ itself)

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